To estimate the relationship between vertical movements of the Earth’s crust, geoid temporal changes and Mean Sea Level (MSL) variations, a knowledge about the absolute (determined from satellite and space techniques) ...

Long time span of observations from GNSS permanent stations can be used in the development of models of vertical crustal movements. The absolute vertical crustal movement related to the ellipsoid consists of the observed ...

In the last years air temperature increasing gradual. It also changes depending on the area: metropolitan, rural. The temperature changes directly affects the expansion of materials of which are made geodetic control network ...