Kelio istorija. Tunelių istorija

Abstract

The 460 m tunnel passed under the Thames in London, a kilometer downstream from the Tower Bridge. Although intended as a road tunnel, no approaches were built and so it mainly served pedestrians until taken over by the London Underground in 1865. After many centuries, a number of short tunnels were built in mountainous areas around the world in nineteenth century. The first road tunnel in the United States was built in the 1870s near San Francisco. History of underground structures is closely related with London underground, the first line of which was built in 1862. The first Moscow metropolitan lines were constructed in 1935. In 1988 Moscow had 224 km of metro lines with 135 stations. The first use of cement concrete for tunnels is dated to the year 1889. Before this only stones were used for construction of tunnels. Most famous tunnels for transport were built in Japan, most of them under the water. In 1994, 50 km tunnel was opened, which connected United Kingdom and France. The first Lithuanian tunnel (427m long) in Paneriai was built by czar Aleksandr for railway connection from St Petersburg to Warsaw in 1862.