Assessment of smart growth indicators progress in EU: cohesion approach

Abstract

Smart Growth, a concept present since the inception of the European Union, has grown in significance with each subsequent programming period. Eventually, it solidified as a pivotal strategy for Europe2020. Post-2020, it has evolved into the Smart Specialization Strategy (S3) for the period 2021–2027, and discussions now include the S4+ strategy, focusing on smart specialization strategies for sustainable and inclusive growth. This study aims to evaluate the cohesion level of smart growth indicators and their temporal development among EU member states, examining three key indicators: employment, tertiary education, and gross expenses on R&D (GERD) within the timeframe of 2010–2022. The findings reveal a consistent long-term trend of growth in the cohesion level of these indicators among EU member states, indicating a noteworthy convergence. Particularly in employment, the indicators demonstrate striking similarities across all countries, reflecting the highest level of cohesion within the EU. Conversely, in the case of GERD, the most substantial variations among EU countries are observed. These results underscore the success of Smart Growth initiatives in fostering convergence across EU member states, especially in terms of employment. However, challenges persist, particularly in achieving cohesion in research and development investments. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for shaping effective policies to sustain and enhance smart growth strategies in the ever-evolving European landscape.