Does cultural heritage act as a driver of sustainable development? A critical approach to UNESCO World Heritage Data

Abstract

This study examines UNESCO’s role in preserving and promoting international cultural heritage, assessing the effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities of its guidelines. Adopting a critical approach, it analyzes scientific literature and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per macro-area data linked to UNESCO’s World Heritage List Statistics to assess heritage governance. Central to the discussion are issues of disparities, inclusion, and marginalization processes in international heritage, which may significantly influence the sustainable development of the considered macro-areas. By synthesizing existing research and identifying knowledge gaps, the study aims to enhance understanding of UNESCO’s heritage efforts and provide recommendations for strengthening conservation strategies amid emerging global challenges.