Scaling sustainability: the economic and environmental impact of circular economy clusters

Abstract

This study examines established circular economy clusters in Europe, focusing on their structure, strategies, and impact. The principal objectives are to categorize clusters based on circular models, assess their economic and environmental contributions, and identify key success factors. The investigation covers industrial symbiosis, biobased production, and policy-led frameworks. The study employs a comparative analysis of key performance indicators (KPIs) and policy frameworks. The findings indicate that collaboration, innovation, and government support are critical factors in driving cluster success while regulatory and market barriers remain challenges. The conclusion emphasizes the need for policy incentives, cross-sector cooperation, and investment in circular innovation to accelerate sustainability.